Association Structure and Funds
In general, the distribution of power and authority within the HOA is determined by the governing documents. Where the governing documents simply give the association power to do or approve something without specifically requiring owner approval, the power can be exercised by the board of directors without owner approval. In practice, most governing documents require owner approval for a variety of major decisions including changing the items which the association is responsible to maintain, changing the owners’ assessment percentages, changing the unit or lot boundaries, and imposing leasing or resale restrictions.
The board of directors has complete control over all committees, officers, and managers. This means that the board decides who will serve in these capacities, and what authority they will have, subject only to restrictions in the governing documents. The board retains the power to override the decision of any committee, officer, and manager.
The law provides that a volunteer director or officer cannot be held liable for damages resulting from his/her service to the association if he/she performs his/her duties (i) in good faith, (ii) in a manner which he/she believes to be in the best interests of the association, and (iii) with such care, including reasonable inquiry, as an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. At the risk of oversimplifying this standard, the idea is to protect honest directors and officers from liability for mistakes unless their actions are self-interested or unreasonable. Directors are entitled to rely on information and opinions provided by the association’s officers, committees, and hired experts.
To provide additional liability protection to directors and officers, most governing documents state that the association will indemnify them absent gross negligence, intentional misconduct, or fraud. Indemnity means that the association will pay the damages that are awarded against the directors or officers. Most governing documents require the association to carry director and officer (“D&O”) liability insurance for these costs, and such insurance is always a good idea.
Officers Managers and Committees
Incorporated associations are legally required to have at least a chairman of the board or president and a secretary. There may also be one or more vice presidents, and a chief financial officer or treasurer. Unless prohibited by the governing documents, one person may hold more than one of these offices however, the same person cannot be both the president and the secretary. The officers are typically not required to be directors. Unincorporated associations need not have officers.
The power and authority of each officer is determined by the governing documents. If the documents are silent, then it is determined by the board. Regardless of how power and authority is delegated among the officers, the board can override the decision of any officer on any matter.